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回應 本院 小兒內科 李育軒（流感疫苗含汞安全嗎?）
小兒內科 李育軒 回應說：
Thimerosal and Vaccines
Ovid Technologies, Inc. Email Service
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Search for: 1 and 2
Results: 1-66
Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) <1950 to September Week 4 2007>
Search Strategy:
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1 exp Thimerosal/ (918)
2 Vaccines/ (10571)
3 1 and 2 (96)
4 from 3 keep 1-2,4,6-7,9-10,12-13,17-22,24-34,36-39,41-43,45-46,48-53,58-62,64,66,69-77,79,81-84,88-90,92 (66)
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Result <1>
Unique Identifier
17663033
Authors
National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI).
Authors Full Name
National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI).
Title
Thimerosal: updated statement. An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS).
Source
Canada Communicable Disease Report = Releve des Maladies Transmissibles au Canada. 33(ACS-6):1-13, 2007 Jul 1.
Publication Type
Guideline. Journal Article.
Result <2>
Unique Identifier
17448359
Authors
Clifton JC 2nd.
Authors Full Name
Clifton, Jack C 2nd.
Institution
Great Lakes Center for Children's Environmental Health, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA. jack_clifton@rush.edu
Title
Mercury exposure and public health. [Review] [254 refs]
Source
Pediatric Clinics of North America. 54(2):237-69, viii, 2007 Apr.
Abstract
Mercury is a metal that is a liquid at room temperature. Mercury has a long and interesting history deriving from its use in medicine and industry, with the resultant toxicity produced. In high enough doses, all forms of mercury can produce toxicity. The most devastating tragedies related to mercury toxicity in recent history include Minamata Bay and Niagata, Japan in the 1950s, and Iraq in the 1970s. More recent mercury toxicity issues include the extreme toxicity of the dimethylmercury compound noted in 1998, the possible toxicity related to dental amalgams, and the disproved relationship between vaccines and autism related to the presence of the mercury-containing preservative, thimerosal. [References: 254]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
Result <3>
Unique Identifier
17295805
Authors
Guzzi G.
Authors Full Name
Guzzi, Gianpaolo.
Title
Of vaccine-autism, thimerosal, and metallothioneins.[comment].
Comments
Comment on: Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2006 Jun;17(4):291-6; PMID: 16771783
Source
Pediatric Allergy & Immunology. 18(1):88; author reply 89, 2007 Feb.
Publication Type
Comment. Letter.
Result <4>
Unique Identifier
17168158
Authors
Doja A. Roberts W.
Authors Full Name
Doja, Asif. Roberts, Wendy.
Institution
Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Title
Immunizations and autism: a review of the literature.[see comment]. [Review] [58 refs]
Comments
Comment in: Can J Neurol Sci. 2006 Nov;33(4):339-40; PMID: 17168157
Source
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 33(4):341-6, 2006 Nov.
Abstract
Because of a temporal correlation between the first notable signs and symptoms of autism and the routine childhood vaccination schedule, many parents have become increasingly concerned regarding the possible etiologic role vaccines may play in the development of autism. In particular, some have suggested an association between the Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine and autism. Our literature review found very few studies supporting this theory, with the overwhelming majority showing no causal association between the Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine and autism. The vaccine preservative thimerosal has alternatively been hypothesized to have a possible causal role in autism. Again, no convincing evidence was found to support this claim, nor for the use of chelation therapy in autism. With decreasing uptake of immunizations in children and the inevitable occurrence of measles outbreaks, it is important that clinicians be aware of the literature concerning vaccinations and autism so th!
at they may have informed discussions with parents and caregivers. [References: 58]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
Result <5>
Unique Identifier
15662715
Authors
Dayan GH. Iskander J. Glasser J. English-Bullard R. Fullerton KE. Chen R.
Authors Full Name
Dayan, Gustavo H. Iskander, John. Glasser, John. English-Bullard, Roseanne. Fullerton, Kathleen E. Chen, Robert.
Institution
Epidemiology and Surveillance Division, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. gdayan@cdc.gov
Title
Tracking vaccine lot lifecycles using reports to the vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS).
Source
Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety. 14(10):671-6, 2005 Oct.
Abstract
PURPOSE: There is currently no systematically available information available on how rapidly a specific lot of vaccine is used once distributed. We used data from reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) to develop a proxy means of surveillance for the lifecycle of selected vaccine lots. METHODS: A convenience sample, consisting of selected lots of: diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Hepatitis B, and varicella vaccines, was selected for lifecycle analysis. Assuming that circulation of a vaccine lot is proportional to vaccine-specific adverse event (AE) reporting for that vaccine type, we constructed Gamma distributed usage models and compared them with lot-specific VAERS reports to estimate the actual lifecycle of lots in the system. RESULTS: Evidence of lot circulation was detected within 1-2 months, and a peak was observed 3-4 months after the vaccine release date for most of the study vaccines. !
Ninety percent of the vaccine doses in each lot were estimated to be used within 5-9 months of distribution. The length of time a vaccine lot was in use ranged from 5 to 17 months from earliest vaccination date. CONCLUSIONS: Our modeled and inferred administration of the selected lots of different vaccines were concordant. This method may be useful for spatial and temporal tracking of vaccine lot utilization.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Result <6>
Unique Identifier
16733480
Authors
Geier DA. Geier MR.
Authors Full Name
Geier, David A. Geier, Mark R.
Institution
Department of Biochemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Title
An assessment of downward trends in neurodevelopmental disorders in the United States following removal of Thimerosal from childhood vaccines.
Source
Medical Science Monitor. 12(6):CR231-9, 2006 Jun.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The US is in the midst of an epidemic of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs). Thimerosal is an ethylmercury-containing compound added to some childhood vaccines. Several previous epidemiological studies conducted in the US have associated Thimerosal-containing vaccine (TCV) administration with NDs. MATERIAL/METHODS: An ecological study was undertaken to evaluate NDs reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) from 1991 through 2004 by date of receipt and by date of vaccine administration. The NDs examined included autism, mental retardation, and speech disorders. Statistical trend analysis was employed to evaluate the effects of removal of Thimerosal on the proportion of NDs reported to VAERS. RESULTS: There was a peak in the proportion of ND reports received by VAERS in 2001-2002 and in the proportion of ND reports by date of vaccine administration in 1998. There were significant reductions in the proportion of NDs reported to VAERS as Thimer!
osal was begun to be removed from childhood vaccines in the US from mid-1999 onwards. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides the first epidemiological evidence showing that as Thimerosal was removed from childhood vaccines, the number of NDs has decreased in the US. The analysis techniques utilized attempted to minimize chance or bias/confounding. Additional research should be conducted to further evaluate the relationship between TCVs and NDs. This is especially true because the handling of vaccine safety data from the National Immunization Program of the CDC has been called into question by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences in 2005.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Result <7>
Unique Identifier
16771783
Authors
Singh VK. Hanson J.
Authors Full Name
Singh, Vijendra K. Hanson, Jeff.
Institution
Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA. singhvk@cc.usu.edu
Title
Assessment of metallothionein and antibodies to metallothionein in normal and autistic children having exposure to vaccine-derived thimerosal.
Source
Pediatric Allergy & Immunology. 17(4):291-6, 2006 Jun.
Abstract
Allergic autoimmune reaction after exposure to heavy metals such as mercury may play a causal role in autism, a developmental disorder of the central nervous system. As metallothionein (MT) is the primary metal-detoxifying protein in the body, we conducted a study of the MT protein and antibodies to metallothionein (anti-MT) in normal and autistic children whose exposure to mercury was only from thimerosal-containing vaccines. Laboratory analysis by immunoassays revealed that the serum level of MT did not significantly differ between normal and autistic children. Furthermore, autistic children harboured normal levels of anti-MT, including antibodies to isoform MT-I (anti-MT-I) and MT-II (anti-MT-II), without any significant difference between normal and autistic children. Our findings indicate that because autistic children have a normal profile of MT and anti-MT, the mercury-induced autoimmunity to MT may not be implicated in the pathogenesis of autism.
Publication Type
Comparative Study. Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.
Result <8>
Unique Identifier
16433218
Authors
Herman LM. Gerbert DA. Larson LW. Leger MM. McNellis R. O'Donoghue DL. Ulshafer C. Van Dyke EM.
Authors Full Name
Herman, Lawrence M. Gerbert, Deborah A. Larson, Lyle W. Leger, Marie-Michele. McNellis, Robert. O'Donoghue, Daniel L. Ulshafer, Cynthia. Van Dyke, Eileen M.
Institution
Clinical and Scientific Affairs Council, AAPA, USA.
Title
Vaccines, thimerosal, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. [Review] [15 refs]
Source
JAAPA. 19(1):16, 18-9, 2006 Jan.
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
Result <9>
Unique Identifier
16370953
Authors
Clements CJ. McIntyre PB.
Authors Full Name
Clements, C John. McIntyre, Peter B.
Institution
Centre for International Health, The Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health Ltd, GPO Box 2284, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia. john@clem.com.au
Title
When science is not enough - a risk/benefit profile of thiomersal-containing vaccines. [Review] [102 refs]
Source
Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 5(1):17-29, 2006 Jan.
Abstract
Without a preservative, such as thiomersal (known as thimerosal in the US), multi-dose liquid presentations of vaccine are vulnerable to bacteriological contamination that can result in death or serious illness of the recipient. Concerns about levels of mercury exposure from thiomersal-containing vaccines were first raised in the US during 1999 in the context of Hepatitis B vaccine for newborns. Since then, a large body of evidence from animal and epidemiological studies has accumulated on the safety of thiomersal. Ironically, these data have become largely irrelevant in wealthy countries, where mono-dose, thiomersal-free vaccines have been introduced as a precautionary measure in almost all childhood vaccines, in part related to residual public scepticism. In poor countries, multi-dose vials remain important for vaccine delivery. There is a real danger that this controversy may result in the loss to the world of thiomersal as a preservative, simply from popular pressure. !
In reality, it would be impossible to cease overnight using thiomersal and maintain the supply of vital vaccines. This paper reviews and summarises the data available from published studies on mercury toxicity, and thiomersal in vaccines in particular, that overwhelmingly indicate continued use of thiomersal is safe in those countries where it is most needed. [References: 102]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
Result <10>
Unique Identifier
16079072
Authors
Burbacher TM. Shen DD. Liberato N. Grant KS. Cernichiari E. Clarkson T.
Authors Full Name
Burbacher, Thomas M. Shen, Danny D. Liberato, Noelle. Grant, Kimberly S. Cernichiari, Elsa. Clarkson, Thomas.
Institution
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. tmb@u.washington.edu
Title
Comparison of blood and brain mercury levels in infant monkeys exposed to methylmercury or vaccines containing thimerosal.
Source
Environmental Health Perspectives. 113(8):1015-21, 2005 Aug.
Abstract
Thimerosal is a preservative that has been used in manufacturing vaccines since the 1930s. Reports have indicated that infants can receive ethylmercury (in the form of thimerosal) at or above the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidelines for methylmercury exposure, depending on the exact vaccinations, schedule, and size of the infant. In this study we compared the systemic disposition and brain distribution of total and inorganic mercury in infant monkeys after thimerosal exposure with those exposed to MeHg. Monkeys were exposed to MeHg (via oral gavage) or vaccines containing thimerosal (via intramuscular injection) at birth and 1, 2, and 3 weeks of age. Total blood Hg levels were determined 2, 4, and 7 days after each exposure. Total and inorganic brain Hg levels were assessed 2, 4, 7, or 28 days after the last exposure. The initial and terminal half-life of Hg in blood after thimerosal exposure was 2.1 and 8.6 days, respectively, which are significantly shorter th!
an the elimination half-life of Hg after MeHg exposure at 21.5 days. Brain concentrations of total Hg were significantly lower by approximately 3-fold for the thimerosal-exposed monkeys when compared with the MeHg infants, whereas the average brain-to-blood concentration ratio was slightly higher for the thimerosal-exposed monkeys (3.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 2.5 +/- 0.3). A higher percentage of the total Hg in the brain was in the form of inorganic Hg for the thimerosal-exposed monkeys (34% vs. 7%). The results indicate that MeHg is not a suitable reference for risk assessment from exposure to thimerosal-derived Hg. Knowledge of the toxicokinetics and developmental toxicity of thimerosal is needed to afford a meaningful assessment of the developmental effects of thimerosal-containing vaccines.
Publication Type
Comparative Study. Journal Article. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S..
Result <11>
Unique Identifier
16047931
Authors
Anonymous.
Title
Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety, 9-10 June 2005.
Source
Weekly Epidemiological Record. 80(28):242-7, 2005 Jul 15.
Publication Type
Congresses.
Result <12>
Unique Identifier
16022361
Authors
Ohm J.
Authors Full Name
Ohm, Jeanne.
Institution
International Chiropractic Pediatric Association, Media, PA, USA.
Title
Mercury rising: warnings in pregnancy & infancy. [Review] [10 refs]
Source
Midwifery Today with International Midwife. (74):46-7, 68, 2005.
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
Result <13>
Unique Identifier
15957237
Authors
Madi A.
Authors Full Name
Madi, A.
Institution
Signalling and Apoptosis Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary. madi@indi.biochem.dote.hu
Title
Being on the track of thimerosal. Review. [Review] [53 refs]
Source
Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica. 52(1):95-103, 2005.
Abstract
The common preservative thimerosal is one of the most important organic mercury compounds human populations are exposed to. It has toxic effect on several cell lines, and it also induces programmed cell death in in vitro experiments. Association is suggested between application of thimerosal-containing vaccines and the occurrence of neurodevelopmental disorders, like autism. While specific recommendations were made to eliminate thimerosal from vaccines, consistent evidence is still lacking for an association of exposure and disease. Unfortunately, it is very hard to study the molecular background of complex human diseases directly; however, investigations on more simple model organisms may lead to a better understanding of thimerosal as a possible disease inducing factor. [References: 53]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. Review.
Result <14>
Unique Identifier
15795695
Authors
Geier DA. Geier MR.
Authors Full Name
Geier, David A. Geier, Mark R.
Institution
MedCon, Inc., USA.
Title
A two-phased population epidemiological study of the safety of thimerosal-containing vaccines: a follow-up analysis.
Source
Medical Science Monitor. 11(4):CR160-70, 2005 Apr.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Thimerosal is an ethylmercury-containing preservative in vaccines. Toxicokinetic studies have shown children received doses of mercury from thimerosal-containing vaccines (TCVs) that were in excess of safety guidelines. Previously, an ecological study showing a significant association between TCVs and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) in the US was published in this journal. MATERIAL/METHODS: A two phased population-based epidemiological study was undertaken. Phase one evaluated reported NDs to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) following thimerosal-containing Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular-Pertussis (DTaP) vaccines in comparison to thimerosal-free DTaP vaccines administered from 1997 through 2001. Phase two evaluated the automated Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) for cumulative exposures to mercury from TCVs at 1-, 2-, 3-, and 6-months-of-age for infants born from 1992 through 1997 and the eventual risk of developing NDs. RESULTS: Phase one showed !
significantly increased risks for autism, speech disorders, mental retardation, personality disorders, and thinking abnormalities reported to VAERS following thimerosal-containing DTaP vaccines in comparison to thimerosal-free DTaP vaccines. Phase two showed significant associations between cumulative exposures to thimerosal and the following types of NDs: unspecified developmental delay, tics, attention deficit disorder (ADD), language delay, speech delay, and neurodevelopmental delays in general. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that exposure to mercury from TCVs administered in the US was a consistent significant risk factor for the development of NDs. It is clear from these data and other recent publications linking TCVs with NDs that additional ND research should be undertaken in the context of evaluating mercury-associated exposures and thimerosal-free vaccines should be made available.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Result <15>
Unique Identifier
15691220
Authors
Bigham M. Copes R.
Authors Full Name
Bigham, Mark. Copes, Ray.
Institution
Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. mark.bigham@bloodservices.ca
Title
Thiomersal in vaccines: balancing the risk of adverse effects with the risk of vaccine-preventable disease. [Review] [98 refs]
Source
Drug Safety. 28(2):89-101, 2005.
Abstract
A number of affluent countries are moving to eliminate thiomersal (thimerosal), an ethylmercury preservative, from vaccines as a precautionary measure because of concerns about the potential adverse effects of mercury in infants. The WHO advocates continued use of thiomersal-containing vaccines in developing countries because of their effectiveness, safety, low cost, wide availability and logistical suitability in this setting. The guidelines for long-term mercury exposure should not be used for evaluating risk from intermittent single day exposures, such as immunisation using thiomersal-containing vaccines. Similar or higher mercury exposures likely occur from breast feeding and the health benefit of eliminating thiomersal from a vaccine, if any, is likely to be very small. On the other hand, the benefits accrued from the use of thiomersal-containing vaccines are considerably greater but vary substantially between affluent and developing regions of the world. Because of t!
he contribution to overall mercury exposure from breast milk and diet in later life, the removal of thiomersal from vaccines would produce no more than a 50% reduction of mercury exposure in infancy and <1% reduction over a lifetime. Different public policy decisions are appropriate in different settings to achieve the lowest net risk, viewed from the perspectives of the individual vaccinee or on a population basis. In developing regions of the world, at least over the next decade, far more benefit will accrue from protecting children against widely prevalent vaccine-preventable diseases by focusing efforts aimed at improving infant immunisation uptake by using current, inexpensive, domestically-manufactured, thiomersal-containing vaccines, than by investing in thiomersal-free alternatives. [References: 98]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
Result <16>
Unique Identifier
15649632
Authors
Ueha-Ishibashi T. Oyama Y. Nakao H. Umebayashi C. Hirama S. Sakai Y. Ishida S. Okano Y.
Authors Full Name
Ueha-Ishibashi, T. Oyama, Y. Nakao, H. Umebayashi, C. Hirama, S. Sakai, Y. Ishida, S. Okano, Y.
Institution
Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Minami-Jyosanjima 1-1, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan.
Title
Flow-cytometric analysis on cytotoxic effect of thimerosal, a preservative in vaccines, on lymphocytes dissociated from rat thymic glands.
Source
Toxicology in Vitro. 19(2):191-8, 2005 Mar.
Abstract
There is a concern on the part of public health community that adverse health consequence by thimerosal, a preservative in vaccines for infants, may occur among infants during immunization schedule. Therefore, the cytotoxic action of thimerosal was examined on lymphocytes dissociated from thymic glands of young rats using a flow cytometer and respective fluorescent probes for monitoring changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and membrane potential, and for discriminating intact living cells, apoptotic living cells and dead cells. Incubation with thimerosal at 3 microM or more (up to 30 microM) for 60 min depolarized the membranes, associated with increasing the [Ca2+]i. Thimerosal at 30 microM induced an apoptotic change in membranes of almost all living cells. Furthermore, the prolonged incubation with 30 microM thimerosal induced a loss of membrane integrity, leading to cell death. Since the blood concentration of thimerosal after receiving vaccines is the!
oretically submicromolar, it may be unlikely that thimerosal affects lymphocytes of infants.
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.
Result <17>
Unique Identifier
15637857
Authors
Hayney MS.
Authors Full Name
Hayney, Mary S.
Institution
School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 53705, USA. mshayney@pharmacy.wisc.edu
Title
Vaccine safety: no link between thimerosal and autism.
Source
Journal of the American Pharmacists Association: JAPhA. 44(6):725-6, 2004 Nov-Dec.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Result <18>
Unique Identifier
15598007
Authors
Moreton J.
Authors Full Name
Moreton, Judith.
Institution
NHS Immunisation Information.
Title
New vaccines for the national childhood immunisation programme. [Review] [5 refs]
Source
Journal of Family Health Care. 14(5):114-5, 2004.
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
Result <19>
Unique Identifier
15583887
Authors
Weisser K. Bauer K. Volkers P. Keller-Stanislawski B.
Authors Full Name
Weisser, K. Bauer, K. Volkers, P. Keller-Stanislawski, B.
Institution
Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen. weika@pei.de
Title
[Thiomersal and immunisations]. [Review] [29 refs] [German]
Source
Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz. 47(12):1165-74, 2004 Dec.
Abstract
Thiomersal was used in the 1930s for the first time for the preservation of vaccines to prevent bacterial and fungal contamination. Thiomersal is an organic compound containing 49% mercury (Hg) by weight. It is generally well known that mercury and its compounds, including thiomersal, ethylmercury, and methylmercury, act as nephro- and neurotoxicants, however, at much higher doses than used in vaccines. In the 1990s the question of toxicity of thiomersal in vaccines was reassessed since the numbers of vaccines recommended for routine administration to infants and children, and therefore the cumulative thiomersal dose in children, increased in some countries. Various international committees (European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, EMEA, US Public Health Service/American Academy of Pediatrics, Institute of Medicine, IOM) concluded after an extensive risk/benefit analysis that scientific evidence is inadequate to reject or explicitly recommend thiomerosal-c!
ontaining vaccines for children. However (in line with the global goal of reducing exposure to mercury), they recommended promoting the elimination of thiomerosal from paediatric vaccines. This has largely been achieved in Germany. Today a child in Germany can be immunised in accordance with the official recommendations (STIKO) almost without the administration of thiomerosal (residual amounts). Results of new pharmacokinetic and epidemiological studies are discussed. The evidence available to date does not support the hypothesis of a potential relationship between neurodevelopmental disorders and thiomersal-containing vaccines. [References: 29]
Publication Type
English Abstract. Journal Article. Review.
Result <20>
Unique Identifier
15530668
Authors
Thompson WW. DeStefano F. Chen R.
Authors Full Name
Thompson, William W. DeStefano, Frank. Chen, Robert.
Title
Letter to the editor. The safety of thimerosal in newborn and infant vaccines.[comment].
Comments
Comment on: Vaccine. 2004 May 7;22(15-16):1854-61; PMID: 15121295
Source
Vaccine. 23(3):281-2, 2004 Dec 2.
Publication Type
Comment. Letter.
Result <21>
Unique Identifier
15496004
Authors
Madsen KM. Lauritsen MB. Pedersen CB. Thorsen P. Plesner AM. Andersen PH. Mortensen PB.
Authors Full Name
Madsen, Kreesten Meldgaard. Lauritsen, Marlene B. Pedersen, Carsten Bocker. Thorsen, Poul. Plesner, Anne-Marie. Andersen, Peter Henrik. Mortensen, Preben Bo.
Institution
Aarhus Universitet, Institut for Epidemiologi og Socialmedicin, Center for Epidemiologisk Grundforskning. kmm@dadlnet.dk
Title
[Thimerosal and the occurrence of autism. Negative ecological evidence from Danish registry-data]. [Danish]
Source
Ugeskrift for Laeger. 166(38):3291-3, 2004 Sep 13.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Result <22>
Unique Identifier
15464179
Authors
Geier MR. Geier DA.
Authors Full Name
Geier, Mark R. Geier, David A.
Title
Mercury in vaccines and potential conflicts of interest.[comment].
Comments
Comment on: Lancet. 2002 Nov 30;360(9347):1737-41; PMID: 12480426
Source
Lancet. 364(9441):1217; author reply 1217-8, 2004 Oct 2-8.
Publication Type
Comment. Letter.
Result <23>
Unique Identifier
15184908
Authors
Hornig M. Chian D. Lipkin WI.
Authors Full Name
Hornig, M. Chian, D. Lipkin, W I.
Institution
Jerome L and Dawn Greene Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. mady.hornig@columbia.edu
Title
Neurotoxic effects of postnatal thimerosal are mouse strain dependent.
Source
Molecular Psychiatry. 9(9):833-45, 2004 Sep.
Abstract
The developing brain is uniquely susceptible to the neurotoxic hazard posed by mercurials. Host differences in maturation, metabolism, nutrition, sex, and autoimmunity influence outcomes. How population-based variability affects the safety of the ethylmercury-containing vaccine preservative, thimerosal, is unknown. Reported increases in the prevalence of autism, a highly heritable neuropsychiatric condition, are intensifying public focus on environmental exposures such as thimerosal. Immune profiles and family history in autism are frequently consistent with autoimmunity. We hypothesized that autoimmune propensity influences outcomes in mice following thimerosal challenges that mimic routine childhood immunizations. Autoimmune disease-sensitive SJL/J mice showed growth delay; reduced locomotion; exaggerated response to novelty; and densely packed, hyperchromic hippocampal neurons with altered glutamate receptors and transporters. Strains resistant to autoimmunity, C57BL/6J!
and BALB/cJ, were not susceptible. These findings implicate genetic influences and provide a model for investigating thimerosal-related neurotoxicity.
Publication Type
Comparative Study. Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S..
Result <24>
Unique Identifier
15316135
Authors
Singh VK. Rivas WH.
Authors Full Name
Singh, Vijendra K. Rivas, Wyatt H.
Institution
Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA. singhvk@cc.usu.edu
Title
Detection of antinuclear and antilaminin antibodies in autistic children who received thimerosal-containing vaccines.
Source
Journal of Biomedical Science. 11(5):607-10, 2004 Sep-Oct.
Abstract
Autism, a neurodevelopmental disorder, may involve autoimmune pathogenesis. Since mercury is potentially a risk factor for autoimmunity, we conducted a study of mercury-induced antinuclear and antilaminin antibodies in autistic and normal children who had been pre-administered with thimerosal-containing vaccines. Laboratory analysis by different immunoassays showed that the serum level of these two autoimmune markers did not significantly differ between autistic and normal children. This finding suggests that the mercury as in thimerosal-containing vaccines is likely not related to autoimmune phenomenon in autism.
Publication Type
Comparative Study. Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.
Result <25>
Unique Identifier
15168689
Authors
Knezevic I. Griffiths E. Reigel F. Dobbelaer R.
Authors Full Name
Knezevic, I. Griffiths, E. Reigel, F. Dobbelaer, R.
Institution
Department of Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. knezevic@who.int
Title
Thiomersal in vaccines: a regulatory perspective WHO Consultation, Geneva, 15-16 April 2002.
Source
Vaccine. 22(15-16):1836-41, 2004 May 7.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Result <26>
Unique Identifier
15121295
Authors
Clements CJ.
Authors Full Name
Clements, C John.
Institution
Centre for International Health, The Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health Ltd, GPO Box 2284, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia. john@clem.com.au
Title
The evidence for the safety of thiomersal in newborn and infant vaccines.[see comment]. [Review] [48 refs]
Comments
Comment in: Vaccine. 2004 Dec 2;23(3):281-2; PMID: 15530668
Source
Vaccine. 22(15-16):1854-61, 2004 May 7.
Abstract
While a number of studies remain to be completed, evidence is mounting that there is no demonstrable risk for infants immunized with vaccines containing thiomersal. Epidemiological studies in the US have shown no developmental or other central nervous system abnormalities resulting from exposure to vaccines containing thiomersal. During the initial evaluation of thiomersal in vaccines during 1999, the toxicological profile of ethyl mercury was unknown and presumed to be the same as that of methyl mercury. Enough evidence has accumulated since then to indicate the profiles of the two compounds are different in crucial aspects. To date, one study has measured blood levels of total mercury in vaccinated infants and reports only a brief low-level exposure with rapid excretion of mercury. It is not yet known for sure how much (if any) vaccine-derived ethyl mercury in the blood crosses the blood-brain barrier. For the most part, the use of thiomersal as a vaccine preservative ha!
s been convincingly shown to be safe. The scientific evidence is not yet sufficiently strong to provide the same level of assurance for thiomersal-containing vaccines for use in pregnant women or the premature or low birth weight infant. There is an increased sensitivity of the fetal brain to mercury whether it is ethyl or methyl mercury. While there is no evidence to support the contention, it is at least theoretically possible that very low birth weight premature infants may be at increased risk from thiomersal-containing vaccines. Until such time as the scientific evidence is to hand, thiomersal-free presentations of hepatitis B are to be preferred for the birth dose. Given the same levels of exposure, adults are at much lower levels of risk because of increased body mass. It is not possible to prove that thiomersal is completely safe-epidemiology can only quantify a risk, not prove its absence. [References: 48]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
Result <27>
Unique Identifier
15060252
Authors
Verstraeten T.
Authors Full Name
Verstraeten, Thomas.
Title
Thimerosal, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and GlaxoSmithKline.
Source
Pediatrics. 113(4):932, 2004 Apr.
Publication Type
Letter.
Result <28>
Unique Identifier
14722136
Authors
Bernard S.
Authors Full Name
Bernard, Sallie.
Title
Association between thimerosal-containing vaccine and autism.[comment].
Comments
Comment on: JAMA. 2003 Oct 1;290(13):1763-6; PMID: 14519711
Source
JAMA. 291(2):180; author reply 180-1, 2004 Jan 14.
Publication Type
Comment. Letter.
Result <29>
Unique Identifier
14722135
Authors
Rimland B.
Authors Full Name
Rimland, Bernard.
Title
Association between thimerosal-containing vaccine and autism.[comment].
Comments
Comment on: JAMA. 2003 Oct 1;290(13):1763-6; PMID: 14519711
Source
JAMA. 291(2):180; author reply 180-1, 2004 Jan 14.
Publication Type
Comment. Letter.
Result <30>
Unique Identifier
14698570
Authors
Ueha-Ishibashi T. Oyama Y. Nakao H. Umebayashi C. Nishizaki Y. Tatsuishi T. Iwase K. Murao K. Seo H.
Authors Full Name
Ueha-Ishibashi, Toshiko. Oyama, Yasuo. Nakao, Hiromi. Umebayashi, Chisato. Nishizaki, Yasutaka. Tatsuishi, Tomoko. Iwase, Kyoko. Murao, Koji. Seo, Hakaru.
Institution
Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan.
Title
Effect of thimerosal, a preservative in vaccines, on intracellular Ca2+ concentration of rat cerebellar neurons.
Source
Toxicology. 195(1):77-84, 2004 Jan 15.
Abstract
The effect of thimerosal, an organomercurial preservative in vaccines, on cerebellar neurons dissociated from 2-week-old rats was compared with those of methylmercury using a flow cytometer with appropriate fluorescent dyes. Thimerosal and methylmercury at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 10 microM increased the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in a concentration-dependent manner. The potency of 10 microM thimerosal to increase the [Ca2+]i was less than that of 10 microM methylmercury. Their effects on the [Ca2+]i were greatly attenuated, but not completely suppressed, under external Ca(2+)-free condition, suggesting a possibility that both agents increase membrane Ca2+ permeability and release Ca2+ from intracellular calcium stores. The effect of 10 microM thimerosal was not affected by simultaneous application of 30 microM L-cysteine whereas that of 10 microM methylmercury was significantly suppressed. The potency of thimerosal was similar to that of methy!
lmercury in the presence of L-cysteine. Both agents at 1 microM or more similarly decreased the cellular content of glutathione in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting an increase in oxidative stress. Results indicate that thimerosal exerts some cytotoxic actions on cerebellar granule neurons dissociated from 2-week-old rats and its potency is almost similar to that of methylmercury.
Publication Type
Comparative Study. Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.
Result <31>
Unique Identifier
15146581
Authors
Hessel L.
Authors Full Name
Hessel, Luc.
Institution
Aventis Pasteur MSD. 8, rue Jones Salk-69367 Lyon.
Title
[Mercury in vaccines]. [Review] [18 refs] [French]
Source
Bulletin de l Academie Nationale de Medecine. 187(8):1501-10, 2003.
Abstract
Thiomersal, also called thimerosal, is an ethyl mercury derivative used as a preservative to prevent bacterial contamination of multidose vaccine vials after they have been opened. Exposure to low doses of thiomersal has essentially been associated with hypersensitivity reactions. Nevertheless there is no evidence that allergy to thiomersal could be induced by thiomersal-containing vaccines. Allergy to thiomersal is usually of delayed-hypersensitivity type, but its detection through cutaneous tests is not very reliable. Hypersensitivity to thiomersal is not considered as a contraindication to the use of thiomersal-containing vaccines. In 1999 in the USA, thiomersal was present in approximately 30 different childhood vaccines, whereas there were only 2 in France. Although there were no evidence of neurological toxicity in infants related to the use of thiomersal-containing vaccines, the FDA considered that the cumulative dose of mercury received by young infants following v!
accination was high enough (although lower than the FDA threshold for methyl mercury) to request vaccine manufacturers to remove thiomersal from vaccine formulations. Since 2002, all childhood vaccines used in Europe and the USA are thiomersal-free or contain only minute amounts of thiomersal. Recently published studies have shown that the mercury levels in the blood, faeces and urine of children who had received thiomersal-containing vaccines were much lower than those accepted by the American Environmental Protection Agency. It has also been demonstrated that the elimination of mercury in children was much faster than what was expected on the basis of studies conducted with methyl mercury originating from food. Recently, the hypothesis that mercury contained in vaccines could be the cause of autism and other neurological developmental disorders created a new debate in the medical community and the general public. To date, none of the epidemiological studies conducted in E!
urope and elsewhere support this assumption. Although any effo!
rt shoul
d be made to avoid useless exposure of vaccinees to a potentially toxic compound, it should be emphasized that 1) public communication on this issue has led to a decrease in the hepatitis B vaccination coverage of children born to HBs Ag positive mothers in the US; 2) this issue was not really relevant in France where until 2002, apart from two hepatitis B vaccines, all childhood vaccines were thiomersal-free, and 3) in developing countries using multidose vaccine vials, moving to thiomersal-free vaccines in unidose presentations would represent such an incremental cost that millions of children would no more have access to vaccination. Therefore the World Health Organisation still recommends the use of thiomersal-containing vaccines as part of the expanded programme of immunisation. [References: 18]
Publication Type
English Abstract. Journal Article. Review.
Result <32>
Unique Identifier
14595043
Authors
Verstraeten T. Davis RL. DeStefano F. Lieu TA. Rhodes PH. Black SB. Shinefield H. Chen RT. Vaccine Safety Datalink Team.
Authors Full Name
Verstraeten, Thomas. Davis, Robert L. DeStefano, Frank. Lieu, Tracy A. Rhodes, Philip H. Black, Steven B. Shinefield, Henry. Chen, Robert T. Vaccine Safety Datalink Team.
Institution
Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
Title
Safety of thimerosal-containing vaccines: a two-phased study of computerized health maintenance organization databases.[erratum appears in Pediatrics. 2004 Jan;113(1):184].
Source
Pediatrics. 112(5):1039-48, 2003 Nov.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the possible toxicity of thimerosal-containing vaccines (TCVs) among infants. METHODS: A 2-phased retrospective cohort study was conducted using computerized health maintenance organization (HMO) databases. Phase I screened for associations between neurodevelopmental disorders and thimerosal exposure among 124 170 infants who were born during 1992 to 1999 at 2 HMOs (A and B). In phase II, the most common disorders associated with exposure in phase I were reevaluated among 16 717 children who were born during 1991 to 1997 in another HMO (C). Relative risks for neurodevelopmental disorders were calculated per increase of 12.5 micro g of estimated cumulative mercury exposure from TCVs in the first, third, and seventh months of life. RESULTS: In phase I at HMO A, cumulative exposure at 3 months resulted in a significant positive association with tics (relative risk [RR]: 1.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-3.38). At HMO B, increased risks of language !
delay were found for cumulative exposure at 3 months (RR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.01-1.27) and 7 months (RR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01-1.13). In phase II at HMO C, no significant associations were found. In no analyses were significant increased risks found for autism or attention-deficit disorder. CONCLUSIONS: No consistent significant associations were found between TCVs and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Conflicting results were found at different HMOs for certain outcomes. For resolving the conflicting findings, studies with uniform neurodevelopmental assessments of children with a range of cumulative thimerosal exposures are needed.
Publication Type
Comparative Study. Journal Article.
Result <33>
Unique Identifier
14519711
Authors
Hviid A. Stellfeld M. Wohlfahrt J. Melbye M.
Authors Full Name
Hviid, Anders. Stellfeld, Michael. Wohlfahrt, Jan. Melbye, Mads.
Institution
Danish Epidemiology Science Centre, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. aii@ssi.dk
Title
Association between thimerosal-containing vaccine and autism.[see comment].
Comments
Comment in: J Fam Pract. 2004 Feb;53(2):94-6; PMID: 14764286, Comment in: JAMA. 2004 Jan 14;291(2):180; author reply 180-1; PMID: 14722135, Comment in: JAMA. 2004 Jan 14;291(2):180; author reply 180-1; PMID: 14722136
Source
JAMA. 290(13):1763-6, 2003 Oct 1.
Abstract
CONTEXT: Mercuric compounds are nephrotoxic and neurotoxic at high doses. Thimerosal, a preservative used widely in vaccine formulations, contains ethylmercury. Thus it has been suggested that childhood vaccination with thimerosal-containing vaccine could be causally related to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether vaccination with a thimerosal-containing vaccine is associated with development of autism. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Population-based cohort study of all children born in Denmark from January 1, 1990, until December 31, 1996 (N = 467 450) comparing children vaccinated with a thimerosal-containing vaccine with children vaccinated with a thimerosal-free formulation of the same vaccine. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rate ratio (RR) for autism and other autistic-spectrum disorders, including trend with dose of ethylmercury. RESULTS: During 2 986 654 person-years, we identified 440 autism cases and 787 cases of other autistic-!
spectrum disorders. The risk of autism and other autistic-spectrum disorders did not differ significantly between children vaccinated with thimerosal-containing vaccine and children vaccinated with thimerosal-free vaccine (RR, 0.85 [95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-1.20] for autism; RR, 1.12 [95% CI, 0.88-1.43] for other autistic-spectrum disorders). Furthermore, we found no evidence of a dose-response association (increase in RR per 25 microg of ethylmercury, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.90-1.06] for autism and 1.03 [95% CI, 0.98-1.09] for other autistic-spectrum disorders). CONCLUSION: The results do not support a causal relationship between childhood vaccination with thimerosal-containing vaccines and development of autistic-spectrum disorders.
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.
Result <34>
Unique Identifier
12949291
Authors
Madsen KM. Lauritsen MB. Pedersen CB. Thorsen P. Plesner AM. Andersen PH. Mortensen PB.
Authors Full Name
Madsen, Kreesten M. Lauritsen, Marlene B. Pedersen, Carsten B. Thorsen, Poul. Plesner, Anne-Marie. Andersen, Peter H. Mortensen, Preben B.
Institution
Danish Epidemiology Science Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Aarhus, Denmark. kmm@dadlnet.dk
Title
Thimerosal and the occurrence of autism: negative ecological evidence from Danish population-based data.
Source
Pediatrics. 112(3 Pt 1):604-6, 2003 Sep.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: It has been suggested that thimerosal, a mercury-containing preservative in vaccines, is a risk factor for the development of autism. We examined whether discontinuing the use of thimerosal-containing vaccines in Denmark led to a decrease in the incidence of autism. DESIGN: Analysis of data from the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register recording all psychiatric admissions since 1971, and all outpatient contacts in psychiatric departments in Denmark since 1995. PATIENTS: All children between 2 and 10 years old who were diagnosed with autism during the period from 1971-2000. OUTCOME MEASURES: Annual and age-specific incidence for first day of first recorded admission with a diagnosis of autism in children between 2 and 10 years old. RESULTS: A total of 956 children with a male-to-female ratio of 3.5:1 had been diagnosed with autism during the period from 1971-2000. There was no trend toward an increase in the incidence of autism during that period when thi!
merosal was used in Denmark, up through 1990. From 1991 until 2000 the incidence increased and continued to rise after the removal of thimerosal from vaccines, including increases among children born after the discontinuation of thimerosal. CONCLUSIONS: The discontinuation of thimerosal-containing vaccines in Denmark in 1992 was followed by an increase in the incidence of autism. Our ecological data do not support a correlation between thimerosal-containing vaccines and the incidence of autism.
Publication Type
Journal Article. Multicenter Study. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.
Result <35>
Unique Identifier
12884410
Authors
Magos L.
Authors Full Name
Magos, L.
Institution
laszlomagos@aol.com
Title
Neurotoxic character of thimerosal and the allometric extrapolation of adult clearance half-time to infants. [Review] [26 refs]
Source
Journal of Applied Toxicology. 23(4):263-9, 2003 Jul-Aug.
Abstract
The decomposition rate of organomercurials and the potency of the blood-brain barrier increase with the size of the organic radical. Thus methylmercury damages the brain more than thimerosal does, and when intake limits set for methylmercury are applied to thimerosal the safety margin is increased even if the clearances were the same. However, the clearance half-time of ethylmercury in adults is about one-third of the 50 days' clearance half-time of methylmercury given for 60 kg body weight. Moreover, because metabolic rates (e.g. basal metabolism, daily loss of mercury in per cent of body burden) in different weight groups are related to the fractional power of body weight (rule of allometry), mercury clears from the infant body faster than from the adult body. Blood mercury concentrations observed after vaccination showed agreement with allometrically extrapolated concentrations. Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [References: 26]
Publication Type
Comparative Study. Journal Article. Review.
Result <36>
Unique Identifier
12671140
Authors
Coleman E.
Authors Full Name
Coleman, Eric.
Title
Ethylmercury in vaccines.[comment].
Comments
Comment on: Pediatrics. 2002 Apr;109(4):701-3; PMID: 11927717
Source
Pediatrics. 111(4 Pt 1):922-3, 2003 Apr.
Publication Type
Comment. Letter.
Result <37>
Unique Identifier
12632795
Authors
Gemmill I.
Authors Full Name
Gemmill, Ian.
Title
National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI). Statement on thimerosal.
Source
Canada Communicable Disease Report. 29:1-10, 2003 Mar 1.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Result <38>
Unique Identifier
12612255
Authors
Nelson KB. Bauman ML.
Authors Full Name
Nelson, Karin B. Bauman, Margaret L.
Institution
Neuroepidemiology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892-1447, USA. knelson@helix.nih.gov
Title
Thimerosal and autism?. [Review] [60 refs]
Source
Pediatrics. 111(3):674-9, 2003 Mar.
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
Result <39>
Unique Identifier
12608349
Authors
Anonymous.
Title
Mercury in vaccines may not pose harm.
Source
Child Health Alert. 21:1, 2003 Jan.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Result <40>
Unique Identifier
15637857
Authors
Hayney MS.
Authors Full Name
Hayney, Mary S.
Institution
School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 53705, USA. mshayney@pharmacy.wisc.edu
Title
Vaccine safety: no link between thimerosal and autism.
Source
Journal of the American Pharmacists Association: JAPhA. 44(6):725-6, 2004 Nov-Dec.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Result <41>
Unique Identifier
16771783
Authors
Singh VK. Hanson J.
Authors Full Name
Singh, Vijendra K. Hanson, Jeff.
Institution
Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA. singhvk@cc.usu.edu
Title
Assessment of metallothionein and antibodies to metallothionein in normal and autistic children having exposure to vaccine-derived thimerosal.[see comment].
Comments
Comment in: Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007 Feb;18(1):88; author reply 89; PMID: 17295805
Source
Pediatric Allergy & Immunology. 17(4):291-6, 2006 Jun.
Abstract
Allergic autoimmune reaction after exposure to heavy metals such as mercury may play a causal role in autism, a developmental disorder of the central nervous system. As metallothionein (MT) is the primary metal-detoxifying protein in the body, we conducted a study of the MT protein and antibodies to metallothionein (anti-MT) in normal and autistic children whose exposure to mercury was only from thimerosal-containing vaccines. Laboratory analysis by immunoassays revealed that the serum level of MT did not significantly differ between normal and autistic children. Furthermore, autistic children harboured normal levels of anti-MT, including antibodies to isoform MT-I (anti-MT-I) and MT-II (anti-MT-II), without any significant difference between normal and autistic children. Our findings indicate that because autistic children have a normal profile of MT and anti-MT, the mercury-induced autoimmunity to MT may not be implicated in the pathogenesis of autism.
Publication Type
Comparative Study. Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.
Result <42>
Unique Identifier
12480426
Authors
Pichichero ME. Cernichiari E. Lopreiato J. Treanor J.
Authors Full Name
Pichichero, Michael E. Cernichiari, Elsa. Lopreiato, Joseph. Treanor, John.
Institution
Department of Microbiology/Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY, USA. michael_pichichero@urmc.rochester.edu
Title
Mercury concentrations and metabolism in infants receiving vaccines containing thiomersal: a descriptive study.[see comment].
Comments
Comment in: Lancet. 2002 Nov 30;360(9347):1711-2; PMID: 12480419, Comment in: Lancet. 2003 Feb 22;361(9358):698-9; author reply 699; PMID: 12606189, Comment in: Lancet. 2003 Feb 22;361(9358):698; author reply 699; PMID: 12606188, Comment in: Lancet. 2003 Feb 22;361(9358):699; author reply 699; PMID: 12606190, Comment in: Lancet. 2004 Oct 2-8;364(9441):1217; author reply 1217-8; PMID: 15464179
Source
Lancet. 360(9347):1737-41, 2002 Nov 30.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Thiomersal is a preservative containing small amounts of ethylmercury that is used in routine vaccines for infants and children. The effect of vaccines containing thiomersal on concentrations of mercury in infants' blood has not been extensively assessed, and the metabolism of ethylmercury in infants is unknown. We aimed to measure concentrations of mercury in blood, urine, and stools of infants who received such vaccines. METHODS: 40 full-term infants aged 6 months and younger were given vaccines that contained thiomersal (diptheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, and in some children Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine). 21 control infants received thiomersal-free vaccines. We obtained samples of blood, urine, and stools 3-28 days after vaccination. Total mercury (organic and inorganic) in the samples was measured by cold vapour atomic absorption. FINDINGS: Mean mercury doses in infants exposed to thiomersal were 45.6 microg (range!
37.5-62.5) for 2-month-olds and 111.3 microg (range 87.5-175.0) for 6-month-olds. Blood mercury in thiomersal-exposed 2-month-olds ranged from less than 3.75 to 20.55 nmol/L (parts per billion); in 6-month-olds all values were lower than 7.50 nmol/L. Only one of 15 blood samples from controls contained quantifiable mercury. Concentrations of mercury were low in urine after vaccination but were high in stools of thiomersal-exposed 2-month-olds (mean 82 ng/g dry weight) and in 6-month-olds (mean 58 ng/g dry weight). Estimated blood half-life of ethylmercury was 7 days (95% CI 4-10 days). INTERPRETATION: Administration of vaccines containing thiomersal does not seem to raise blood concentrations of mercury above safe values in infants. Ethylmercury seems to be eliminated from blood rapidly via the stools after parenteral administration of thiomersal in vaccines.
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S..
Result <43>
Unique Identifier
12385852
Authors
Freed GL. Andreae MC. Cowan AE. Katz SL.
Authors Full Name
Freed, Gary L. Andreae, Margie C. Cowan, Anne E. Katz, Samuel L.
Institution
Child Health Evaluation and Research (CHEAR) Unit, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0456, MI, USA. gfreed@umich.edu
Title
Vaccine safety policy analysis in three European countries: the case of thimerosal.
Source
Health Policy. 62(3):291-307, 2002 Dec.
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.
Result <44>
Unique Identifier
12142947
Authors
Bernard S. Enayati A. Roger H. Binstock T. Redwood L.
Authors Full Name
Bernard, S. Enayati, A. Roger, H. Binstock, T. Redwood, L.
Institution
Safe Minds, 14 Commerce Drive, Cranford, NJ 07901, USA. sbernard@nac.net
Title
The role of mercury in the pathogenesis of autism. [Review] [23 refs]
Source
Molecular Psychiatry. 7 Suppl 2:S42-3, 2002.
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
Result <45>
Unique Identifier
12042557
Authors
Freed GL. Andreae MC. Cowan AE. Katz SL.
Authors Full Name
Freed, Gary L. Andreae, Margie C. Cowan, Anne E. Katz, Samuel L.
Institution
Child Health Evaluation and Research Unit, Division of General Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0456, USA. gfreed@med.umich.edu
Title
The process of public policy formulation: the case of thimerosal in vaccines.
Source
Pediatrics. 109(6):1153-9, 2002 Jun.
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.
Result <46>
Unique Identifier
12040866
Authors
Jenson HB.
Authors Full Name
Jenson, Hal B.
Institution
University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, USA.
Title
How harmful are additives in childhood vaccines?.
Source
Postgraduate Medicine. 111(5):87, 2002 May.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Result <47>
Unique Identifier
11834460
Authors
Clarkson TW.
Authors Full Name
Clarkson, Thomas W.
Institution
Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642, USA. tcw30@aol.com
Title
The three modern faces of mercury. [Review] [118 refs]
Source
Environmental Health Perspectives. 110 Suppl 1:11-23, 2002 Feb.
Abstract
The three modern "faces" of mercury are our perceptions of risk from the exposure of billions of people to methyl mercury in fish, mercury vapor from amalgam tooth fillings, and ethyl mercury in the form of thimerosal added as an antiseptic to widely used vaccines. In this article I review human exposure to and the toxicology of each of these three species of mercury. Mechanisms of action are discussed where possible. Key gaps in our current knowledge are identified from the points of view both of risk assessment and of mechanisms of action. [References: 118]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.. Review.
Result <48>
Unique Identifier
11480489
Authors
Clements CJ. Ball LK. Ball R. Pratt RD.
Authors Full Name
Clements, C J. Ball, L K. Ball, R. Pratt, R D.
Institution
Department of Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. clementscj@who.ch
Title
Thiomersal in vaccines: is removal warranted?. [Review] [43 refs]
Source
Drug Safety. 24(8):567-74, 2001.
Abstract
The mercury-based vaccine preservative thiomersal has come under scrutiny in recent months because of its presence in certain vaccines that provide the foundation of childhood immunisation schedules. Over the past decade new vaccines have been added to the recommended childhood schedule, and the relatively smaller bodyweight of infants has led to concern that the cumulative exposure of mercury from infant vaccines may exceed certain guidelines for the human consumption of mercury. In the US, government agencies and professional societies have recently recommended that thiomersal be removed altogether from vaccines. Some involved in developing vaccine policy feel that the evidence to support these safety concerns has not risen to the level required for such a response. This apparent divergence of opinion has left healthcare professionals and the public with uncertainty about the potential health effects from low level exposure to thiomersal as well as the necessity of remov!
ing thiomersal from vaccines. At present, scientific investigation has not found conclusive evidence of harm from thiomersal in vaccines. As a precautionary measure, efforts are under way to remove or replace thiomersal from vaccines and providers should anticipate the availability of more vaccine products that are thiomersal-free over the coming years. [References: 43]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
Result <49>
Unique Identifier
11331700
Authors
Ball LK. Ball R. Pratt RD.
Authors Full Name
Ball, L K. Ball, R. Pratt, R D.
Institution
Division of Vaccines and Related Products Applications, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Foodand Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA. balll@cber.fda.gov
Title
An assessment of thimerosal use in childhood vaccines.[see comment]. [Review] [53 refs]
Comments
Comment in: Pediatrics. 2001 May;107(5):1177-8; PMID: 11331704
Source
Pediatrics. 107(5):1147-54, 2001 May.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: On July 7, 1999, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the US Public Health Service issued a joint statement calling for removal of thimerosal, a mercury-containing preservative, from vaccines. This action was prompted in part by a risk assessment from the Food and Drug Administration that is presented here. METHODS: The risk assessment consisted of hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. The literature was reviewed to identify known toxicity of thimerosal, ethylmercury (a metabolite of thimerosal) and methylmercury (a similar organic mercury compound) and to determine the doses at which toxicity occurs. Maximal potential exposure to mercury from vaccines was calculated for children at 6 months old and 2 years, under the US childhood immunization schedule, and compared with the limits for mercury exposure developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease R!
egistry, the Food and Drug Administration, and the World Health Organization. RESULTS: Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions from thimerosal exposure are well-recognized. Identified acute toxicity from inadvertent high-dose exposure to thimerosal includes neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Limited data on toxicity from low-dose exposures to ethylmercury are available, but toxicity may be similar to that of methylmercury. Chronic, low-dose methylmercury exposure may cause subtle neurologic abnormalities. Depending on the immunization schedule, vaccine formulation, and infant weight, cumulative exposure of infants to mercury from thimerosal during the first 6 months of life may exceed EPA guidelines. CONCLUSION: Our review revealed no evidence of harm caused by doses of thimerosal in vaccines, except for local hypersensitivity reactions. However, some infants may be exposed to cumulative levels of mercury during the first 6 months of life that exceed EPA recommendations. Exp!
osure of infants to mercury in vaccines can be reduced or elim!
inated b
y using products formulated without thimerosal as a preservative. [References: 53]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
Result <50>
Unique Identifier
11368282
Authors
van't Veen AJ.
Authors Full Name
van't Veen, A J.
Institution
Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Erasmus University Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Title
Vaccines without thiomersal: why so necessary, why so long coming?. [Review] [61 refs]
Source
Drugs. 61(5):565-72, 2001.
Abstract
The inorganic mercurial thiomersal (merthiolate) has been used as an effective preservative in numerous medical and non-medical products since the early 1930s. Both the potential toxicity of thiomersal and sensitisation to thiomersal in relation to the application of thiomersal-containing vaccines and immunoglobulins, especially in children, have been debated in the literature. The very low thiomersal concentrations in pharmacological and biological products are relatively non-toxic, but probably not in utero and during the first 6 months of life. The developing brain of the fetus is most susceptible to thiomersal and, therefore, women of childbearing age, in particular, should not receive thiomersal-containing products. Definitive data of doses at which developmental effects occur are not available. Moreover, revelation of subtle effects of toxicity needs long term observation of children. The ethylmercury radical of the thiomersal molecule appears to be the prominent sen!
sitiser. The prevalence of thiomersal hypersensitivity in mostly selected populations varies up to 18%, but higher figures have been reported. The overall exposure to thiomersal differs considerably between countries. In many cases a positive routine patch test to thiomersal should be considered an accidental finding without or, probably more accurately, with low clinical relevance. In practice, some preventive measures can be taken with respect to thiomersal hypersensitivity. However, with regard to the debate on primary sensitisation during childhood and renewed attention for a reduction of children's exposure to mercury from all sources, the use of thiomersal should preferably be eliminated or at least be reduced. In 1999 the manufacturers of vaccines and immunoglobulins in the US and Europe were approached with this in mind. The potential toxicity in children seems to be of much more
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發表日期：2007-10-13 14:17:20管理
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